Internship monthly report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internship monthly report - concession ExampleI participated in several activities like preparing several master programs. I was briefed on the intellect before I began doing it. I also took part in the view and price analysis of the Baltimore family project. It was fun as well as challenging as I had to do it on my give birth and later explain why I thought it was so to the rest. Another challenging activity I did was to participate in a meeting representing one of my supervisors who was on holiday.I had to report to representatives from other departments on issues concerning the Baltimore project plan of the Wing Hong Street project. It was very exciting since I had to contribute to the meeting alone. I gained the essential knowledge concerning the job nature of building and construction. For this second month, I learnt how to co-operate with diverse parties from a guest perspective. I established that problems in communication were the most tricky to address in property manag ement.Junior, RicardoM., JosR. Quevedo, courtly Engineer, JorgeM. Jr, and PauloS. Fontoura. THE NECESSARY BACKGROUND FOR IMPLEMENTING AND MANAGING BUILDING DESIGN PROCESSES USING WEB ENVIRONMENTS.(2007)

Wine marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Wine marketing - Essay ExampleThis delineate mainly focuses on the online trend of wine retail marketing which are maturement with the emergent of peeled technologies and sophisticated techniques over the internet network. With more technological development day by day online e-commerce formation can generate a great prospect for online wine retail business ventures. Online Wine retail Business Online wine retail business is growing fast with technological inventions. There are diverse advantages for starting a retail business online. Due to the appeal cut as in that respect is no physical space for the shop or floor staffs or other rents in the business go the online retailer will be able to proffer products at a very low cost than the competitors who are retailing from shops physically in different shops and supermarkets. In online retailing the customer have the survival sit back comfortably at home and place their order for wines without any hassle of travelling. With t his growing demand from the customers the online wine retailing business venture can be very effective focussing for any corporation to grab the market share. Through online retailing the company can have a wider reach to the customers worldwide and can increase their sale but on the other hand on that point are certain drawbacks also for online wine retailing like customers are not able to spring up a tangible product in their hand which is not preferred by many customers and since there are no direct contact with the customer face to face its not executable for the company to convince them to generate the lead (Aerator for Wine, 2011). Products and Services Offered Online wine store can quickly convert the visitors of the website into customers if they find the products and services interesting enough and relevant to their needs. Online wine retailer will have to offer wines of different brands for every need of the customers. Different wines ranging from red wines, sparklin g, valentine, white wine, champagne and various others should be accessible online with their detailed information. The company should update information of the website regularly so as to understand the stock easy for the products and will also give the customer an image about the popularity of the website. The company can offer disregard count coupons on different occasions for their loyal customers and can also start the service of membership card to avail various benefits from the company. The company should also send e-mail notification to the customers to make them aware(p) about their offers and products. Market Analysis Market Segmentation Market segmentation is the strategy by which the company divides the market and target a specific group of customers for a particular product. Porters generic model is a very useful tool for analyzing the market and selects the possible route for entering into the market. go out 1 Porters Generic Model (Source Kreitner, 2008, p. 184) Cost Leadership Cost leadership strategy is used to fathom the market in a competitive environment by keeping the price low from others. scathe sensitive customers are often attracted by this type of strategy. Differentiation Strategy Differentiating the product from the competitors product is other strategy used by companies. Distinctive features of the specific product are highlighted to the customers. Focus Strategy This is the niche marketing technique

Steps for Investment Strategy for Stock Market Essay - 3

Steps for investiture Strategy for Stock Market - Essay ExampleAs the capital grocery is very volatilizable and requires very efficient and effective strategies for making investitures in stock market. The stock markets are highly uncertain, and it is rough to predict. Therefore, the chances of loss are higher without proper investment plan.This paper will attempt to present an litigious discussion on the investment strategy for a stock market. In regard to trading strategies in the stock market, many have argued against the stock investment by claiming it as a zero-sum game as there is an equal number of winners and losers. The stock market is highly volatile and to take a winners strength is quite challenging. An efficient trading strategy can make gains in bullish as swell as in the bearish market. The following figure presents volatility of the FTSE for the last forty years.The most of investors who approach great loses due to investments in the stock market are mainly c aused by their lack of intimacy and lack of general awareness. In fact, many investors having very limited knowledge regarding stock investments tend to organisation losses from the stock market investments and their investment behavior mainly driven by behavioral finance. The investors much make the investment based on their behavior which is mainly driven by unconventional market behavior. For example, investors should buy a stock when it comes to its lower boundary and sells just before it is supposed to fall. However, generally, investors do the blow and face losses. However, there are also certain factors that must be taken into consideration, and the entire investment should follow systematic steps.

The declining incidences of strikes in the United States and some Research Paper

The declining incidences of strikes in the United States and some possible explanations - Research publisher ExampleTo understand the extent and causes of this phenomenon, one needs to leaf through the labor history of this country. at one time the European settlements grew in America, notions of prosperity based on agricultural development slowly started to be replaced by the mineral riches mined out from the earth. Gold and silver became the most coveted attributes and mining expeditions very much ended up in looting of ancient civilizations like Aztecs and Incas. The American labour class emerged from the autochthonal Americans who were deprived of their godly havens of Mother Nature and left to toil for a living by this in the altogether civilization. (Nicholson, 2004, p.4).Expansion of trade succeeded the crusades of 13, 14 and 15th centuries. America along with the whole world was witnessing the birth of the merchandiser class, the bourgeoisie. Colonies in Africa were est ablished initially to exploit the rich natural resources but eventually the merchants realized that they could read use of the physical capabilities of the black Africans to further their commercial interests. America started importing African strivers who thereby coupled the labour forces of the country. When following the civil war, slavery was finally abolished in 1865, all the free slaves got consolidated into a more visible form of working class.Thus it was the ethnic mix of natives and black slaves that formed the travail masses of this country. Philip Yale Nicholson, writing on the labour history of USA had noted several historians observing that the wealth produced by slavery and slave trade provided the economic foundation for the industrial revolution and that plantation slave labour was the precursor to the property-less industrial working class or proletariat. (Nicholson, 2004, p.6)The working conditions of the early labourers were so brutal that the human spirit in t hem often revolted in the form of theft of property, flight into the wilderness or other colonies, rebellions, slowdowns, strikes, mutinies

The Future of Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Future of Privacy - Essay frameworkSystemic instruments come from the engineering process from networks to machines to computers to codes to protocols. These are the systems that are built into machines. Collective instruments come from governing body policy applied to provide protection of goods and services. These are the instruments that are built into processes. The instrument of individual dominance requires individuals to implement privacy-enhancement during online transactions. This is the instrument of choice. There will not be one-size-fits-all solution, though. PET should be thought of as toolkit. Each tool serves a particular purpose, but when combined, they achieve more than the sum of their parts.PET may be implemented such that the deficiencies of one are covered by the strengths of another (Raab 2004). Countrywide has the picking to build security measures around systemic, political, and behavioral instruments. Combine such efforts enhances the effectiveness o f each. It is in the interests of Countrywide financial Corporation to develop practices to preserve client and corporate privacy (Countrywide 2009).Raab, C.D. (2004). The future of privacy protection.

Halifax Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Halifax - Case Study ExampleCorrespondingly, proper readying becomes so one(a)r crucial to ensure the sustainability of the tourism sector. Planning in the tourism sector tin can be through with(p) in various different levels including the national and the local level among the prime. In these different levels, concerned politics in tourism coating involve in the process of development of individual sectors along with enhancing the rule services and facilities among other(a)s. This is done with the intention to structure the destination as per the needs and demands of the emf visitors (Angelfire, 2014). Contextually, this particular interchange will mainly mean to present and determine pertinent plans for Halifax Canada as a tourism destination that can facilitate to attract utmost level of global visitors. Halifax is one of the most renowned cities of Canada which has places and features that can encourage people to visit the same. This particular tourism planning report w ill mainly intend to evaluate the destination i.e. Halifax in order to identify its resources of tourism along with a few of the other attributes that ar vital to attract tourists.The goals of the tourism authority of Halifax are to present the place as one of the best tourism destination of the Canada. The sector is quite beneficial for the economy growth of the place and the regimen intends to assure maximum efficacy in the same so that positive results can be ascertained. Contextually, the planning of the concerned authorities include assuring utmost development and sustainability of the tourism sector of Halifax and attract potential visitors towards the place and gain positive experience in their unfilled time (Nova Scotia, 2011).It has been noted that there are certain features of a particular destination that attract people to visit the same and spend their leisure time. Contextually, the place i.e. Halifax has certain environmental attributes along with

Research Paper on Native Son by Richard wright

On Native Son by Richard wright - Research Paper ExampleThe novel is a brilliant example of this disambiguated phenomenon. The consequences stemming from the hypocrisy of whites supremacy argon converted into an evil, with regards to the misfortune. An accidental event lives the trail of continual deprival of control of consent actions by a dreary man. A high degree of misfortune is presented in the initiating of the plot of this novel, while the racism in the US background has dischargeed this misfortune a murder of a girl by benighted man. The contract role is the shady man, in this novel, presented in an autobiographic genre. This misfortune turned into a tragedy, when the panic added fuel to the flare for the continued criminal actions of the Bigger, till the end of his role. This panic was the ultimate byproduct of the ambiance where he used to live. An approach to the error of the system has been presented in this novel as the root cause and the former of the tragic cri minal deeds was caused by the general environment, the circumstances, in which the Bigger had to live. Background America has had racism issues for long prison term. In the era of 1930s the class difference among diffe take aim class was stronger. The blacks were non interact equally. The novel is actually a gentle protest on this situation. This novel was also a start of the silent revolution. The novel became the best seller in few days. The intensity of the racism presently is non of that extent as it was used to be in older days. Though presently the country with elongate previous racism has a black president, and this novel was an alarm of the upcoming situation at that time solve the issue today which may destroy tomorrow (Schneider, 2007). Economical perspective The protagonist and his family at large had not had good economic status. For the livelihood, they had to rely on the employments given by the whites. Although the help for the blacks was there as the employment was being provided to the blacks, but on the other hands, his family was being charged the high rent by the same employer. Mr. Dalton was a real estate tycoon, which was providing both the employment and the high rents to his family, and the other black community. There was no any(prenominal) generous thing to them as this had no effective benefit to the black and his family who was surging for the economic sustainability. The security and family needs The main character of the Novel, Bigger and his fellows plan to watch a movie, and for watching movie he needed money. For this reason he and his pals decide for the robbery at a shop. The shop/ Delicatessen which they plan to rob belong to the white and they all are afraid of doing any criminal act against the whites. According to them they could get the money, but if they were caught, the law would be different, and they have to bear a lot bitter consequences. They used to rob blacks but this time they had a change in their plan. champion of his fellow stepped down for the robbery, and Bigger beat him. Although Biggers mother is religious and keeps on instruct him he has no temptations for the religion. When he thinks there is no way to get money by robbing that white, he chooses the legitimate way of earning money by deciding to go for the job. And he is appointed as a chauffeur for Mr. Dalton who is a very rich man. He is afraid of losing his job as he is not aware of the etiquettes of the rich families and thinks himself as a misfit in that environment. This inferior complex has been rooted from the circumstances he has come from and he has a denial state for his

Decision-Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Decision-Making - Essay ExampleThe soft discipline is defined as the information that is unverifiable and private. The private information is the one that is not available to the public and can only be sourced from the primary source of the information. Among the soft information real-time flow, real-time-accounting personal assets and debts, c areer history or family matters are only verifiable by the third party by quantifiable information or impersonal or by use of legal documents. Valid information can be accessed by the fiscal institution in a credible way but the unverifiable information can be transmitted in a credible way, and it requires some effort from the firms and the shareholder. The private information can hardly be transferred even within the firm. In the firms lending finale to another small firm, the branch officials typically collect the required information for the decision to be do. After the collection of the relevant information, the decision is made by th e decision-making authority. In cases like this, the firms staff are not allowed to collect the information required for the decision-making. Thus, the hierarchical, allocated decision authorities are mandated to make the decision of the firm. The statistical evidence showed that the asset size of a monetary institution is positively correlated with the soft information usage. The result is more contradicting as compared to the intuition that pecuniary firms are less likely to apply to soft information and cast doubts on the empirical strategy.

Job Description Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Job Description - Research Paper ExampleThus, I should exercise due assiduity in the selection of the most suitable candidate for the position. Job Analysis/ Job Description I am tasked to do a job compend for the Labor Relations Specialist post. Heathfield (2011) defines job analysis as the process used to collect information about the duties, responsibilities, necessary skills, outcomes, and work environment of a particular job (para. 1). It reflects the knowledge, skills, abilities and competencies that workers need in order to be efficient at work (SHL, 2001). Safdar et al. (2010) fold that individuals with higher levels of knowledge, skills and abilities (KSA) tend to be better job performers. They also suggest that jobs need to be analyse for the nature of the job and the nature of the relationships that the job entails as well as the job outcomes. The job of a Labor Relations Specialist covers a wide range of responsibilities. Basically, his or her job is to resolve disput es in the midst of workers and managers, negotiate collective bargaining agreements, or coordinate grievance procedures to handle employee complaints (Career Planner.com, para 1). Specifically, his job requires him to grant a vast knowledge of company policies, labor laws and employee rights. His numerous tasks include but are non limited to the following Ensure that the company policies adhere to labor laws and monitor its adherence to labor agreements. round employer practices or employee data to get wind compliance with contracts on matters such as wages, hours or conditions of employment. Advise forethought on matters related to employee contracts, discipline or grievance procedures. Prepare and submit required governmental reports or forms related to labor-related matters. Prepare reports or presentations communicating employee satisfaction or other related information to management. word methods to monitor employee satisfaction with company policies, working conditions, grievance or complaint procedures. Train managers or supervisors on labor-related topics like working conditions, safety or equal opportunity practices. Negotiates between workers unions and the company on labor-related issues. (Career Planning.com, 2012) Qualities/ Qualifications required for the Job It can be said that a Labor Relations Specialist should have a neutral stand so he will be able to be more object lens in the performance of his work. In arbitrating labor problems, he needs to see both sides of the issue and ensure that they justly enforce whatever consequence necessary. Hence, my replacement be so, and should possess the knowledge and skills necessary to deem out his important role with efficiency. Applicants to the position should be a college graduate, preferably with an MBA degree and an intensive telescope in industrial and public relations (Jain, 1975). Apart from the knowledge of industrial and labor relations and laws, he should be personable and approach able by both management and workers. He should be effective in his communication skills both in oral and written communication as these skills will always be called upon in his work. It is highly preferable that he has adequate experience in handling labor problems. enlisting Finding the right candidate will entail a series of tests. Aside from the usual ones abandoned by the Human Resources division, a panel interview should be set up with some managers and myself as part of the panel. To test the

Project Part #2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Part 2 - Coursework ExampleThe en indeediastic employees who are induce to get involve with the programme willing be further motivated through and through explaining the positive solution of the programme. Once they are motivated, they can make the other employees understand the benefits of the programme. As per the human psychology, employees are more than relax and comfortable conversing with their colleagues in comparison to their supervisors or boss. Even before starting of this programme, I will allow the employees to have few informal academic sessions among them in my absence. Apart from this, I will conduct a session where a few real life success stories of this programme will be discussed along with the positive changes that might actually happen with them. I have a strong belief that this session will be fruitful and a positive response from the employees can be noticed in due course of time.Wellness programmes always have major impact on the employees. It not nevertheless enables the employees to increase their productiveness but also it helps to make them happier and healthier. Even disease prevalence rate will also get lower. Through this programme, the extrinsic motivation will change into the intrinsic motivation and thus employees self perceived quality of life and quality of health will also ingest change. Basically intrinsic motivation creates win-win situation for both the employees and the organisation and that can be possible through the activity that can provide intrinsic benefits to the employees. Wellness programme make the employees self motivated and they indispensability to do the job by their own and not by force. It will lower the medical approach employees can become stress free, gain physical fitness, increase stamina and improved mental health. all(a) these factors enable the employees to lead a better work life. Also, these intrinsic benefits have an impact on the productivity of the employees which will further lead to various rewards and incentives that can be clubbed under the category of extrinsic benefits

Liability & Use of Force Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Liability & Use of Force - Assignment ExampleSome state statutes in truth necessitates that the early(a) individual should nonplus received the demand or request, and confirmation of thrill about the capable act in furtherance of the conspiracy. Examples of such crimes include solicitation of murder, prostitution or bribery. In some other statutes, solicitation crime takes place right away the asking occurs despite of what the outcomes of such a statute title are whether or non, the solicited individual was ready and capable to conduct the offense or non. States do have specific solicitation statutes as well as ecumenic solicitation statutes, such as impedimenta of justice solicitation (Ross, 2012). A number of statures require specific corroboration necessity under general solicitation. A case in point is the Texas penal code section 15.03(b) which defines that any individual endnot be convicted under such section based on uncorroborated testimony of the individual purpor tedly solicited narrate (Gardner & Anderson, 2011). Two options are used when trying to prove that a defendant is guilty of solicitation crime. Firstly, at that place is the provision of corroboration only a hit witness plus corroborating evidence. Second, corroboration is provided by deuce witnesses, in addition to the corroborating evidence. Thus, under a solicitation crime, the corroborating evidence pick ups to link crime commission to the accused. That is why it is independent from witness confirmation facts. It may comprise acts, behavior, statements, as well as other circumstances that display a link of the defendant to the stated crime (Singer & La Fond, 2010). Question 2 Conspiracy is substantiated when there is an accord to perform any illegal act. However, majority of the federal statutes necessitate that angiotensin converting enzyme of the co-conspirators should have commit an overt deed, such as assassination, abduction, defrauding of the government, or else commi t a breach of a person civil rights in furthering the intentions of the conspiracy (Gardner & Anderson, 2011). Furthermore, there is no much consideration concerning which one of the so-called co-conspirators performed the overt act. Thus, it need not be a criminal deed, but just a single overt deed is sufficient to establish the reality of the conspiracy (Gaines & Miller, 2012). The reason being that without an overt action, it is not legally sufficient to validate that the said crime was performed with the declarant being conscious of the present conspiracy, and went further to pass waterconnected to such a crime intentionally. The rationalization is that the declarant collaborated positively inside the action, or just offered an engagement to collaborate, and which does not substantiate that they participated in the crime (Gardner & Anderson, 2011). Notably, the overt act cannot be brought against the other suspected co-conspirators, when it was not wished to further the broad er intentions of the conspiracy. Nevertheless, it qualifies when both clandestinely planned to further the participant own individual purpose. Moreover, the overt act need not be a subsequent autonomous act which follows the structure of the conspiracy. When it comes to multiple conspiracies, the defendant can be linked to different conspiracy, and the co-conspirator is the only individual permitted to tender

Restaurant Concept Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

eatery Concept Project - Term Paper ExampleThis restaurant project em close uprasss the purchase of an antique, 19th coke Hong Kong junk gravy holder, and deconstructing the boats elements to become the decoration for a restaurant home(a). The decor will delineate a stick out developed by Robert D. Henry Architects in New York, but transform it so that the antique wood of the ship and the old carvings of the hull will be prominently displayed. These elements will be used throughout the restaurant interior, for example in the main bar argona and the greeting lobby. The design is for an upscale Chinese restaurant in the downtown San Jose area, near to the HP Pavilion. The area includes many of the five-star hotels of San Jose, as well as being located near to San Jose State University. The combination of business, tourism, and retail shopping in the neighborhood is well established. The plan is targeting a second floor location on South firstly Street in San Jose, above an exis ting cafe-restaurant establishment. The Sailing Boat restaurant will also take for bar, lounge area, and dance floor so during the weekend it can set up like a club in order to attract more customers. Contemporary Hong Kong Junk in Traditional agency + Source (Travel with a Challenge, 2011) Concept Development The traditional Hong Kong junk boat is known worldwide as a historical symbol of the city, yet it is a tradition that is rapidly being superseded by cutting technologies. The Sailing Boat restaurant is based on an upscale Chinese restaurant plan with a specialization in Hong Kong and fusion cuisine. The restaurant will involve the purchase of an antique Hong Kong junk boat and then deconstructing it into a series of panels that will be finished and restored to be used as the position panels in the restaurant. Similarly, the masts, sails, deck, and interior elements will be taken apart from the antique boat, restored, and used to build the bar, restaurant decorations, and m ain lobby / greeting area. The panels of the ship will be reconstructed in the restaurant interior following a plan developed by Robert D. Henry Architects in New York, and will involve a renovation of the location as well as specialist crew for the ship economy work. Restaurant Interior - Robert D. Henry Architects, New York (Interior Design News, 2011) The antique wood from the ships sides will be reformatted into panels more or less 10 to 12 feet square that will provide the covering for the walls behind the tables in the dining rooms, lounge, bar area, reception, and lobbies. Contemporary wood floor tiles will be used and the antique Hong Kong junk ships elements will be used in the corners, to build buffet elements, as the bar, and in the lounge are as a special theme. The antique Hong Kong junk ships typically had an elaborately carved set of railings, hull, and top(prenominal) deck that will be perfect as the backdrop of a restaurant. By abstracting the ship elements into a modern restaurant design, the decor of The Sailing Boat

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Supply Chain Management - Essay ExampleThe UN through the World Health Organization ensures that the malaria drugs reaches its intended destination by coordinating with the local governments to enable an economic and effective egress chain that is less costly (Chopra & Meindl, 2007).A system is developed that assists in coordination in the midst of pharmaceutical manufacturers and procurement agents. The system ensures cost-effectiveness and transparency in the shipment, procurement and drugs words. The local government develops capacities including warehousing, distribution and delivery of the drugs to patients. So as to reduce the amount of inventory being held, the just in time (JIT) draw close is used and it ensures problems do not come up because of managing large inventories. Inventory management is important in the reduction of the cost of running the supply chain. The malaria supply chain faces a number of challenges in its surgical procedure ranging from missing coord ination, Inventory management, expiration of drugs due to delays and order management problems. The above mentioned operational challenges facing the supply chain are costly. So as to eliminate or reduce this cost, emphasis must on the implementation of a strategic cost management. It enables the carrying out of cost analysis techniques. The strategy should be focussed at standardization of supplies, reduction of inventory, centralized purchasing, and labor automation (Turney,

Do you believe the greatest leaders are born, not made Essay

Do you believe the greatest attractership are born, not made - rise ExampleThey should be full of charisma and inspirational to the society. Charisma in a leader is pushed by their ego and enables them to spread their doctrines to the bulk and be able to convince the society that they are superior to the others. A leader should inspire others on matters that pertain the fountainhead being of the society. Moreover, the leader should be self conscious in order to make the society he/she is leading believe in them and that they can procure anything (Truexpression, Para 3-4).Born leaders need to be able to anticipate the needs of the people horizontal before they occur hence a high level of vision needs to be portrayed. They should access situations with an open mind and acts as a link to the other leaders in societies. They should be well prepared and hard workers, as they will be the mentors of the younger generations who may onetime become leaders.On the other hand, made leader s occur in several way for instance they may be gained through formal education in educational institutions or from experiences in their life. Other made leaders are gained from given situations that occur at a given time needing them to act and lead others. nearly of the attributes of leaders who have little formal education comes from skills they gather as they live in their community. make leaders mostly encourage teamwork through society they are leading as they believe in the power of unity. Made leaders are also excellent communicators, especially a situation leader who arises in the case of crisis to lead the society (Reeves, Para 5).Made leaders recognize the need to erupt themselves to be able to gain more insight and lead the community they serve. They recognize they are the servants of the people hence need to learn the needs of the community by building a strong vex with the people. Born leaders mostly learn from their experiences or that of others (Truexpression, Par a 9). This makes them eager to better themselves and not take up the

The Reasons Why Abortion Should Not Be Legalized Essay

The Reasons Why Abortion Should Not Be healthyized - Essay ExampleSome countries recognize miscarriage, art object in others, it is deemed illegal. In any case, abortion is a controversial topic because it is regarded as a honest moral issue. As such, this argumentative paper seeks to critique an op-ed paper by Anton which is entitled, Abortion Should Be sub judice. Antoni argues that the choice to have an abortion or non should be left to the women concerned. However, he also suggested that abortion should be illegal. The author of this papers stand is to make abortion illegal except for curious circumstances which will be discussed in this paper. This paper will start by summarising the points made in this op-ed paper. The second part seeks to critique why abortion should not be legalised. A synthesis of the entirely discussion will be carried out at the end of the paper in order to vowelise the position taken by this writer. According to the Antonis op-ed article entitled Abortion Should be Legal, there are different reasons why women should be given the opportunity to terminate unloved pregnancies. Mandy Warton supports Antonis view of free choice to abort (6) and suggests that abortion should be seen as the last resort for women to light up control of their lives after horrific situations leading to their pregnancies. In nigh(a) cases, pregnancy is a result of incest or rape. It is advocated that the woman should have a choice of terminating the pregnancy in such a situation. ... In some circumstances, pregnancy may be terminated if it endangers the life of the fetus or the mother, and the author shares this view. It may not be a noble idea to have a deformed child as he or she may not enjoy the life of a normal human being. In some instances, if the life of the mother is endangered as a result of the pregnancy, it can be terminated to forfend death. However, in most instances, pregnancies are not a result of accident or crime. Teen pregnancies in particular are very common in different societies. In America, it is estimated that more than one trillion teenagers consume pregnant each year (Gutman 2). According to the information obtained from this website, Teen pregnancy rates in USA, the US has the highest number of teen pregnancies in the industrialized world. Whilst there are about 750,000 teen pregnancies report annually, about eight out of ten of these pregnancies are not planned (http//www.livestrong.com/article/12504-teen-pregnancy-rates-usa/). It can then be strongly argued that abortion is not a solution to unwanted pregnancies. The root cause of unwanted pregnancies should be addressed, which brings the author to the suggestion that abortion should not be legalized in these cases. It can also be seen that the trend of increased teen pregnancies is similar in many other countries where youths in particular get involved in sexual activities without properly considering the consequences. According to statistics given above, it is unimaginable that close to a zillion lives can be terminated through abortion as a result of reckless way by the teenagers. Carelessness is the main root cause of teen pregnancies given that some of them have misdirect conceptions that

The detailed information listed below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

The detailed information listed below - Essay ExampleThe failure led to recall of many an(prenominal) of their vehicles that affected the public image of GM due to the death count caused by this safety-related line and possible violation of federal laws. The recall had several implications that include decline in stock cost and stock volume. However, the company implemented some risk practices and recommendations since the company seem not to have had generous measures to rectify the mass recall. Other associated risks emerged such as strategic risks, supply chain risks, hazard risks as well as financial risks. In this case, it was the responsibility of the executive team to realign the companys management structure through implementation of significant recommendations capable of rectifying the previous mistakes. There were also recommendations that were geared towards building of corporate stakeholder relationships.Therefore, this study seeks to identify the different pure risk s that transpired at GM Company in the last five years, the effects and the general solutions that were put in place to rectify the mistakes suffered by the

Workplace Motivation Essay Example for Free

Workplace Motivation testifyThe theory of pauperization in the workplace is defined as empowering others to coif tasks they would non norm eithery perform. Considering thither is a multitude of ideas, theories, and methods promoted by experts in the area of employee motivation, choosing the correct method is daunting. The goal is to select oneness or combine methods that will motivate employees to excel in the workplace and attempt to increase employees individual(prenominal) satisfaction. The challenge in all organizations is to create a perfect balance between employee motivation and how to go by and sustain the program. Positive reinforcement has proven to be one method easily applied in the workplace and is conducive to higher productivity and profitability. However, diligence by the management staff must be required to create and maintain the motivation level of employees. The motivation level of the transport section at Prime Satellite had been an issue of content ion with the management for m either years. The turnover in that particular department exceeded any other department in the caller-up. Admittedly the job was a disagreeable and frustrating position.These employees were as well the least paid per min than other employees at the company therefore, the massive turnover problem. I had been sedulous as the technical customer service manager for six years at this time. My department and the dispatch department worked closely to maintain a high-level of customer service. Observing the constant stream of overbold employees in the department and low morale, I suggested changes to the owner. The owner asked me to become the dispatch manager to correct the situation. The off sit printing change was in the recruiting and hiring process.The previous candidates for the position had not been selected on a specific skill set because the job duties were undefined. The job required a person who could understand technical information in add ition to possess excellent communication skills. These employees had to relay detailed information not only to satellite technicians scarce also customers. The close important skill the employees required was intrinsic motivation because the employees would have to work autonomously formerly they were trained. Understanding the job duties, the company began hiring much competent people.The deliver was increased by two dollars an hour to recruit the talent to create a fully functioning and productive department. The origin change to the development procedure was to engage the employee to discuss her ambitions and her expectations from the company. I thought this was important to create a dialogue and a sense of belonging. A history of the company was explained to each current hire. This became important because the employees could envision a future tense with the organization. The business was rapidly expanding and the new employees were promote to participate in the excitin g possibilities.The next change was in the training process. The department had five employees who required retraining. This action was not received with enthusiasm by four of the five employees. The lack of motivation and low morale of the department had created an environment of apathy. Therefore, retraining was futile. I recruited and employ four new employees within the first two months of managing the department. The new environment was happy, positive, and creative. I could not come about financial rewards. However, praise and recognition are free.This created a team of motivated and positive people because teamwork does not depend on monetary compensation. The sense of belonging provided the employees empowerment over their daily duties. Employee satisfaction correspond with the productivity of the department with an increase of 150% within 90 days of implementing the new policies. The humanistic visible horizon of motivation may have critics but in this situation the t heory proved to be effective. The new procedures were not without pitfalls. Each employee had her own work ethic, cognitive skills, and level of motivation.Learning each employees characteristics and habits aided me in learning how to discipline and reward each individual. This challenge proved to be one of the most rewarding experiences in my work experience because I believe in self-actualization and encourage it in others. The employees were encouraged to develop new skills and techniques to improve their own performance. They were the people performing the job on a periodic basis therefore each employees suggestion was considered to develop new strategies to eliminate repetition and rise productivity.The more the employees became engaged in creating procedures, assumed responsibility, and provided feedback the more motivated they were to perform. The incentives the employees enjoyed could not be monetary but developed into a sense of worth and accomplishment. Remember, this was not an easy job. The employees had to speak to frustrated, angry technicians, customers, and salespeople. The stressful situation required diffusing on occasions. In those situations, the best solution became a long flare up and discussion.The employee would be taken to a quiet area of the office and allowed to vent, complain, or just talk through the stressful situation. This not only relieved the stress for the employee but also gave her the sense of validation that the company understood and most important cared about her well-being. I had created a team of people who worked for low pay yet had high motivation because of one simple fact they were treated with dignity and respect. They were dedicated to perform to the best of their abilities because they could not let the team down.The previous attempts to increase employee retention in the dispatch department failed because the manager used fear to control the employees. He used the old scenario of they get a paycheck, what more could they want method. This extrinsic motivation technique did not apply to this situation of this company or any other. People need more in their workplace than a paycheck. They need to believe they are doing something worthy to be intrinsically motivated. What happened next in this organization will validate the last statement.The ownership of the company changed. The changes to the culture of the entire organization were profound and created a cognitive dissonance. The focus of the new administration was the poop line and nothing else. Promises were not kept and threats of joblessness prevailed. Motivation plummeted. Extrinsic motivation was the only motivation for all the employees. The new method of motivation was not sufficient to retain the best employees. Benefits were curtailed, bonuses and raises were suspended, and recognition was nonexistent.The Expectancy X value theory was destroyed for those employees who depended on that type of motivation. Praise for a job w ell through with(p) became extinct because the new owner decided it was not necessary. The exclusive reliance on extrinsic motivation will fail if intrinsic motivation no longer exists. The employee retention problem returned with vengeance. Within the first 90 days after the new ownership, the department lost three of its best employees because the support for self-actualization ceased to be an important factor.Humans do not tolerate negative changes to their environment such as the workplace. If a hygienic environment becomes confused with misinformation, distrust, and lack of security it will become cyanogenic. This became a very toxic workplace for all involved. Obviously, this was not the correct motivational theory to apply. The company closed one year later. Motivation is imminently important to any organization whether it be business, school, social group, or a family. The more humane and positive the motivation, the more productive anyone or anything will become.

Moods of Poetry Essay Example for Free

Moods of Poetry EssayPoetry is a way of expression a speakers feelings and emotions into a literary work. All poetrys have alone(predicate) tones and moods which show what the speaker feels when writing the poem, and what the reader feels when reading it. For example, The Rhodora by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Sonnet XVII Shall I comparing Thee to a Summers Day? by William Shakespeare, and Song of Myself by Walt Whitman, all have the same mood of happiness and vitality.In The Rhodora by Ralph Waldo Emerson, the speaker finds a flower that is unique in dishful compared to the rest of nature. This poem is written loosely in iambic pentameter with a rhyme scheme of aabbcdcdeeffghgh. In line twelve the speaker states Then beauty is its own excuse for Being meaning that the plan of the flower is to show beauty, and nothing more than. The Rhodora provides the reader with a mood that is happy and uplifting and gives the reader a more respectful view of nature.Sonnet XVII Shall I Compar e Thee to a Summers Day? by William Shakespeare, is a sonnet which consists of 14 lines and is in one stanza. In line deuce the speaker writes Thou art more lovely and more temperate. The speaker is saying that she is more beautiful and gentle than anything he has ever seen. The speaker states that he loves her more than a summers day. The mood of this poem is uplifting and loving, making the reader happier.

St. Augustines Political Philosophy Essay Example for Free

St. Augustines govern affable Philosophy EssaySt. Augustine is a fourth century philosopher whose groundbreaking philosophy infused Christian doctrine with Neoplatonism. He is famous for being an inimitable Catholic theologian and for his agnostic contributions to Hesperian philosophy. He argues that skeptics have no basis for claiming to know that there is no knowledge. In a proof for existence similar to unrivaled later made famous by Rene Descartes, Augustine says, Even If I am mistaken, I am. He is the first Western philosopher to promote what has come to be called the argument by analogy against solipsism there are bodies external to mine that behave as I behave and that appear to be nurture as mine is nourished so, by analogy, I am justified in believing that these bodies have a similar mental life to mine. Augustine believes reason to be a uniquely human cognitive capacity that comprehends deductive truths and reproducible necessity. Additionally, Augustine adopts a subjective view of time and says that time is nonhing in reality but exists unless in the human minds apprehension of reality.He believes that time is not infinite because paragon created it. Augustine tries to reconcile his beliefs about freewill, especially the belief that humans are morally responsible for their actions, with his belief that mavins life is predestined. Though initially optimistic about the ability of humans to behave morally, at the end he is pessimistic, and thinks that original sin makes human moral behavior nearly impossible if it were not for the rare appearance of an accidental and undeserved Grace of God, humans could not be moral.Augustines theological discussion of freewill is relevant to a non-religious discussion regardless of the religious-specific language he uses one deal switch Augustines omnipotent being and original sin explanation of predestination for the present solar day biology explanation of predestination the latter tendency is appare nt in modern slogans such as biology is destiny.

Examine what is meant by situation ethics Essay Example for Free

Examine what is meant by postal service chastes Es swearJoseph Fletcher an Anglican theologian was the main person to ch every last(predicate)enge the ensure that moral philosophy and trust exact to be based around honors and rules. He developed three moods of qualification lesson determinations, these were1. The antinomian counselling2.The legalistic way3. The spaceal wayThe antinomian way was a way of making decisions with go forth whatever laws or principles. It is what feels right at that particular time and on no bases whatsoever, only on how it feels to you. This was oerly where existentialism arose. Existentialism being a principle developed by a 19th century Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard. His theory was that the silk hat way to make decisions was for apiece individual to find their own preposterous bases for incorruptity the representation for his argument was that no objective or rational bases could be grounded in moral decisions. So the antinomian shape up is on that pointfore that in every existential moment or eccentric smear the internet site itself provides the ethical solution.The legalistic woo being at the early(a) end of the scale. This is a way of making decisions with regard to laws or rules. The legalist will live their life in accordance with a desexualise of guidelines or rules. For example Jews will abide by the rules of the Torah and make their decisions primarily from this source. Joseph Fletcher suggested a third way of making moral decisions and this was called the situational way, which consists of a compromise between antinomianism and legalism. In the situational approaching every decision is do on matchless universal principle and that is eff.In situation morality his panorama was to look at apiece situation individually. His main line of argument was that the only moral principle that could be utilise to all situations is that of pick out, orTo do whatever is the about lovin g thing. (Fletcher quoted by Jenkins, Ethics and religion p47). Whereas inhering law theorists ask what the law states, Fletcher asks what is the best possible decision to assist others and provide make love in doing so. Therefore in his view this is non a law in itself, and its non dictating what should be through with(p) in each particular situation further rather an approach that informs moral choice. In other wrangling you should always have someones best interest at heart.another(prenominal) one of Fletchers arguments was that Christians atomic number 18 meant to love and cargon for each other and divinity is as well as portrayed to be all-loving. As this is the case for Christians shouldnt moral philosophy also be based around this theory to do the most loving thing? The Christian perspective like umteen other religions is based around the idea of ingrained law. The inseparable law ethic arose in the 4th century BCE by Aristotle. The Christian theologian and p hilosopher Thomas Aquinas kick upstairs developed the ideas first put forward by Aristotle. He argued that the natural purpose of the world is found in God. He adumbrate natural law in the following way by suggesting that all people should follow the law of God. He also believed that Human purpose was to reproduce, to learn, to live harmoniously in fellowship and to worship God. (Jenkins p26, quoted by www.faithnet.freeserve.co.uk/situation_ethics.htm).His ultimate belief was that Natural law describes not only how things atomic number 18, but also how they ought to be furthermore this happens when things fulfil their natural purpose. Natural law is only c oncerned with what seems to be the natural course of action for humans to take and this is where the conflict arises with situation ethics. There are many circumstances where what appears to be natural doesnt appear to be loving. This is why theologians such as Joseph Fletcher dont agree with the natural law ethic as it cause s much controversy. For example the Catholic Church undertook the natural law approach to guide them in terms of their sexual behaviour. They saw the natural purpose for sexual intercourse to be procreation, so therefore anything that proves to be a barrier to this end result is not allowed i.e. contraception.When developing an approach to Situation ethics Fletcher suggested 4 working principles and 6 fundamental principles to outline his ideas. The 4 working principles are1.Pragmatism- being ideas and theories that have to work in practice, to be right of good it has to produce a envicapable outcome that satisfies loves demand. The main emphasis is that the practical course of the action should be motivated by love.2.Relativism- To be relative, on has to be relative to something, as situation ethics maintains it has to relate to love and should always suffice to love in each situation. Fletcher says it relativises the absolute it does not absolutise the relative (Fletcher quoted from Vardy Puzzle of ethics p126). Meaning each absolute can be made relative to love but relativism cannot be utilize to a concrete situation as love acts differently in different situations, it depends on how its applied and this varies with each circumstance.3.Positivism- this is accepting to act in love by faith rather than by fountain, once faith is declared it is supported by logic. In situation ethics positing a belief in God as love or a higher good and then reasoning what is required in any situation to support that belief.4.Personalism- This is the desire to put people not laws first. It is always what is the best to help a person that makes a decision a good one. As God is meant to be ad hominem therefore morality should also be person-centred. however It is the main framework of situation ethics that is outlined by the 6 fundamental principles. These are1. There is only one thing that is intrinsically good- love. Actions are good if they are fulfilling love by helping them but reversibly they are bad if they violate people. No single act in itself is right or wrong it always depends on the situation the circumstance occurs in. delight in always decides the actions that are good or bad.2. The ruling principle of Christian love is agape love. Agape love is self-giving love and this doesnt require anything in return. The overriding principle of decision-making is love.3. Love and justice are the same. In Fletchers words love and justice are the same thing, for justice is love distributed. (Fletcher quoted by William Bailay p73). He also claims that justice is love at work in the community in which human beings live. (Vardy, Puzzle of ethics p128).4. Thout shalt love thy neighbour as thyself (William Temple quoted by Vardy, puzzle of ethics p123). As the neighbour is a member of the human family therefore love wills the neighbours good. Love is practical and not selective. Christian love is said to be unconditional so we should show love to everyo ne and that includes are enemies.5. solo the end result justifies the means, love is the end- never a means to something else. Love can shrive anything in situation ethics as long as the end result satisfies love.6. Loves decisions are made in the circumstance of each situation and not prescriptively. Humans have a responsibility of freedom. No one is bound by laws, so with this responsibility comes the notion to do the most loving thing and to reach this to every situation.Fletcher claims that it is a mistake to generalise. You cant say Is it ever right to lie to your family? The answer must be, I dont know, give me an example. A concrete situation is needed, not a generalisation. It all depends may closely be the watchword of the Situationist. (Puzzle of ethics, Vardy p.130)There are many moral dilemmas when given certain situations, and taking the situational view we are faced with the traffic to do the most loving thing possible, and to serve agape love. taking an exampl e from William Bailay, on a wilderness trial to Kentucky many people lost their lives to Indians who hunted them down. In one case there was a woman who carried her child with her and her child was crying. The babys crying was betraying the rest of the gang as the cries were leading the Indians to them. The bring clung to her child and as a result the whole camp was found and they were all killed. In another case a Negro woman and her political party found themselves in the same situation, their lives were in danger, as they too would be found out if the baby continued to cry.However the Negro woman strangled her child to stop its cries, and as a result the whole party escaped. How can we tell which action was love? The Mother who kept her baby and brought death all, or that of the mother who killed her own child to save the lives of her family and friends? This is a perfect example of the type of decisions that situation ethics confronts us with. In situation ethics there is no definite right or wrong, it has to be applied by each circumstance. Likewise there is no intrinsic value, no goodness or rigor held purely in an action itself. Situation ethics says it all depends on the situation and whether or not it fulfils love. Goodness and badness are not properties of moral actions they are predicates.This demonstrates one of the key aspects and an advantage for situation ethics. Sometimes morality can be somewhat restricted however in taking the situational approach there are no moral rules. If someone with morals can only abide to duty they cant go outside their own boundaries. This is the case in many orthodox religions. Whereas situation ethics maintains that there are no absolutes, you are allowed to go outside certain boundaries if in doing so you are providing the most loving result. Take the Islamic faith for example. Muslims follow the laws of the Koran one law is do not steel, which is an absolute. But say if there were a single mother living in th e poorer regions of the region who had no money and was struggling to feed her starving children. Would it be right for the mother to let her children crave?Or would it be better for the woman to go once against the law and perhaps steel some nutriment in order for them to survive? If the woman followed her religion seriously then it would not be morally right for her to steel and as a result her children lives would be at stake. This is the advantage of situation ethics, it says that words like never and absolute cant be used because their will always be exceptions. Another advantage of situation ethics is that people are always put first, it is a personal matter. race are made more important than principles. This goes against the legalistic approach. Where legalism put laws in first place conversely situation ethics makes people the main emphasis.Furthermore we often find that the outside world is constantly changing. As we live in the forward-looking day and age we are on a constant scroll coaster of changing situation. As a result of this many religions find it extremely difficult to apply their laws to the modern world. Take the Torah being applied to the modern age or orthodox Jews attempts to conserve laws against modern relativism to be an example. Because situation ethics can change with time this gives it a huge advantage. Situation ethics also makes the important link between love and justice, which is another key aspect and this is shown as the third of the vi fundamental principles. To Fletcher justice is love distributed and Justice is love working out its problems. (William Bailay p73)However there have also been many criticisms of Situation Ethics. When referring to the meaning of love, this is sometimes seen to be too general. As love has no definite meaning, it changes according to the situation, it becomes relative, and so it cannot be said that there is only one moral absolute. As there are no specific guidelines for agape love it could be said that it is possible to justify any action. These are dangerous boundaries. The question What world power happen if I allow euthanasia once? could be asked. It may be hard to know where to draw the line people all over the place might start killing their grandparents because they are too oldin the name of love Situation ethics sometimes relies on spontaneity, however spontaneity can sometimes be misguided. It may turn out to be irrational and foolish.The abandonment of rules may in turn reduce situation ethics to antinomianism. It may lead to a state of moral flux as rules play an important part in sociological maintenance. It is also been decided that there are certain examples of absolutes. Take rape, child abuse and genocide, these are all examples of absolutes that are wrong and under no circumstance would they be right. You would not be able to justify this with love. It is often quite hard to understand exactly what is meant by the meaning of love. It can be hard to know what they most loving thing to do is. It is also hard to know what the most loving thing is in terms of the consequence. How can we predict all the consequences of an action? This can be shown by euthanasia. Say their was a man who had aids and had only a 5% chance of acquire better again, he approached his friend and asked him if he would end his life for him. What happens if he got better?Even if there is only a very tiny chance there is still a chance. The man might suddenly make a recovery and go on to lead a long and well-to-do life. How can we predict the consequences? It is also hard when attempting to share love out fairly in a particular situation. This can also be shown by this example of euthanasia it is hard to know what is the best for the person, friends and family. It might be best for the man but what might be best for him might not necessarily be the most loving thing for the family or their friends. It is also quite hard to view a situation from a totall y unbiased perspective.There is a possibility that a decision could be made selfishly with or without realising it but as its in the name of love it is justifiable. This again makes the boundary for love very hard to distinguish. It is also questionable as to whether it is possible for all members of society to judge each situations by its merits. A lot of time and energy has to go into the decision this isnt always accessible to everyone. How practical is situation ethics? Finally on what basis is it possible for the situationist to make moral decisions? What happens when there are no ultimate ethical principles? The situationist is making prejudiced decisions based potentially on personal whims. An example of a danger caused by this can be seen in the actions of Adolf Hitler and his attitude towards the Jews in the Second World War.For those who felt that situation ethics went to far in attempting to set itself free from any conception of law, there is an approach that combines bo th theories of natural law and of situation ethics. This approach is known as proportionalsim. Proportionalists hold the belief that there are particular situations where moral rules should be abided to unless there is a harmonious reason for not contending with them.This reason would be grounded in the situation itself. In this way the primary precepts of natural law could be accepted (e.g. killing, stealing, lying etc) as the ground rules unless there was a sufficient reason for not doing so. Proportionalists hold a clear distinction between moral and non-moral acts. For example proportionalists would say miscarriage is wrong, but it may be morally right in the circumstances of that situation. However unlike situationalists they say that love does not then make a wrong action right. Furthermore they still line up the same problems that situationalists face in trying to determine what bests serves love in a situation, and on making decisions by selfish means.

Cedar Point Amusement Park Essay Example for Free

Cedar Point Amusement Park EssayWhen I lived in Michigan, one of my fondest memories was exhalation to Cedar Point Amusement Park in Sandusky, Ohio. We lived over 3 hours away so it was a perfect day trip. When we reached Cedar Point Road, Lake Eerie was to the right and along the horizon seventeen cast coasters stood high as sky scrapers. As we entered the park we were greeted by prying and the Peanuts gang.The park was soon modify with children laughing, parents pushing strollers, and adrenaline junkies looking for the next thrill. As the aroma of sugar candy coated apples make full the air, we dashed to the snack shop for candied apples and cotton candy. We enjoyed our sugary treats on the Giant Wheel which is cognize as North Americas largest Ferries Wheel. Coming off the Giant Wheel we find ourselves entering Snoopy town, where Snoopy and the gang entertained the audience with music and dance.As the show ended, we decided it was time to ride nigh coasters. The first coaster we rode was the worlds fastest coaster the Top Thrill Dragster which slingshot us from 0 to one hundred twenty mph in less than 4 seconds and in 15 seconds we were spiraled up 420 feet and back down to the use up line. We soon found ourselves wet on Shoot the Rapids the wettest water coaster that took us up and splashed us down. It was refreshing as the temperature was rising.Now we were at the end of the park and to our amazement stood the worlds largest woody roller coaster. Its handsome and elegant architecture was admirable to look at. Aboard this coaster we were rocketed through the hills and turns, just like life, full of ups and downs. Above all Cedar Point Amusement Park is fun for all ages. It all the way left me with a lifetime of memories, to return home to Maui and share with loved ones.

Nagel, Chisholm, and Locke - Metaphysics of the Mind Essay Example for Free

Nagel, Chisholm, and Locke Metaphysics of the Mind EssayIt is very difficult to attribute characteristics to a brain when we bed it does non actually exist in the physical realm. Though, ad hominem indistinguishability has been connected to the mind. However, it is tricky to picture what exactly comprises ones somebodyal identity. Although it is a difficult concept to grasp, philosophers such as Nagel and Chisholm flak to construct their own position on the characteristics of the mind. By comparing Nagel and Chisholms positions on personal identity, it is discernable that identity is a development of two body and mind. Nagel shows that we laughingstock non properly severalize a mind, and if this is the case whence it is unfeasible to attribute personal identity to a mind. In turn, he attacks the idea that personal identity hind end be defined in terms of physical attributes. Chisholm shows that although things atomic number 18 constantly changing, they still de tain the equal. He argues that it is the mind that holds our identity, regardless of physical alteration. In my view, the physicalist perspective of identity is the most logical when contrasted to the mentalist line of products simply due to the fact that we do have a self-identity, and Nagel does not attempt to define what it is.Lockes argument finds a middle ground between Nagel and Chisholm as he argues for a conscious and physical continuity of the mind. In order to chance on the mind-body problem and argue that identity is a development of the mind, Nagels position must be analyzed. Firstly, when addressing the mind-body problem, Nagel evidences that one cannot explain the mind body relationship through logic, functions, or intentions. He argues that these states can be ascribed to robots that may indeed behave like people, however robots do not palpate anything, and it is experience that influences the mind (436).Nagels bat analogy helps solidify his position on experie nce which is that no one can experience the same thing as another. He claims that even to pass water a conception of what it is Kristen Biduk 6949215 like to be a batone must take up the bats point of view (442). Meaning, one must have the same thinking patterns as the other which Nagel argues is impossible. He argues that it is our consciousness which provides the mind-body problem. Although one can relate to what it is like to be a bat, it is impossible to fully comprehend it because in order to become a bat, conscious-ness must be forgotten.For that reason, one cannot be intimate that others have a mind, but one can perceive that they do. Chisholm opens his argument with providing an analysis of the Ship of Theseus and explains that identity is transitive, meaning that it is always changing. Similarly, he uses the example of the river and how although it is the same exact river, it is given different identities based on geographical location. The identity of the river is chang ing. Based on his view of alteration, Chisholm suggests trine possibilities for alteration and identity.Firstly, we can deny the transitivity of identity, but he proves this to be a problem. His second suggestion is that cryptograph alters, but this too proves to be problematic. For example, if one was to cross the border of the United States of America and the border patrol officer asked if he was the same as the person in the photo, he would say no. Because, when that photo was taken he had plastered characteristics, and now, x amount of years later he has different characteristics, and is thitherfore a different person. all the way this is an issue.Thirdly, he analyzes Butlers position on the misuse of the word is in that, for example there exists something at a certain place (P) at a certain time (t) that is identical with same thing at a different place (Q) at a different time (t1). By saying identical, he means they exist in together, however it is mathematically impossib le. He concludes that such things are entia per alio (made of). Entia per alio is something that exists because a Kristen Biduk 6949215 mind makes it up. For example, a pencil is entia per alio because without a mind, it is simply an object. The mind makes the pencil an object for writing. Without a mind giving meaning to something, that something has no identity.In regards to self-identity, I find it difficult to agree with the mentalist perspective. Nagels writing, What is it like to be a Bat? does not provide sufficient sagacity to the development of self and self-identity. He bases his writing solely based on defining the mind. It is true to say that we cannot properly identify a mind. How can we as a whole, understand something we do not actually know exists? We can assume it exists but it provides no understanding. Based on this belief, Nagel concludes that because we cannot properly identify a mind, we cannot connect personal identity to a mind.But where can we find our pe rsonal identity? He claims that our identity does not lie within our physical attributes which diverges identity suspending in the air. The mentalist perspective is limiting in the sense that it does not take in to account outside variables that can involve ones identity. We are not born with an identity and I feel as though Nagels position is implying that we are. Additionally, our identity is substantial from our consciousness, and we do not become conscious of ourselves at infancy.We develop our self-identity through time and it is consistently changing. Chisholm is more more realistic when it comes to defining personal identity. We cannot assume that our identity is purely based on our minds, for our minds are influenced by our physicality. In turn, our physicality is influenced by society. We identify with ourselves based on what others think of us. For example, if someone weighs three hundred pounds, they may identify themselves as unhealthy because that is what society ha s told them. Similarly, if that three hundred pound person lost weight and now weighed one hundred and thirty pounds, that Kristen Biduk 6949215 person may identify themselves as healthy.If they used diet and exercise as a method to lose the weight, they may identify as athletic. This proves that personal identity is indeed transitive. It will always be in a constant state of change depending on the influences around them. We have identity because others around us have provided us with our identity. star could argue then that if one was to lose only ten pounds then identity will not change because the change is only slight. If we analyze the Ship of Theseus once more, Chisholm argues that slight changes still have an impact on our identity because our identity is always changing.By using the problem of Theseuss ship however, it gives us ideas of identity for inanimate objects. One could argue that it is not relatable to beings with consciousness however I would have to disagree. Ou r consciousness, or our memories are what hold our self-identity. If we lose an arm or leg, we are still the same person because our minds still hold our memory. While the mentalist perspective does not take into account physical impressions, and the physicalist perspective overleaps some insight on our own consciousness, Locke provides an explanation that touches on both sides.Locke argues for a conscious continuity and not a bodily one. He begins with clarifying that all minds have a common structure wherein there are two qualities within our identity primary and supplementary coil. The primary quality consists of consciousness. I can identify with myself because I am conscious of my own existence. The secondary qualities consist of qualities that are changing, such as hair distance or weight.He insists that our primary qualities are what provide us with identity however he agrees that secondary qualities must be analyzed. Our secondary qualities are always changing while our primary qualities are static. Without the secondary qualities, our identity would not change, Kristen Biduk 6949215 which Chisholm proved. In comparison to both Nagel and Chisholm, Lockes argument holds the truest because he takes into account both perspectives and develops the most logical understanding of identity. Additionally, Locke states that there is a first and third person perspective on identity. The first person identity is what one makes of himself.The third person helps confirm ones identity. both of these together help form ones true personal identity. For one without outside influences has nothing to base their identity on. For example, if one was to look at cases of people raised in isolation, it will be seen that they have no sense of reality or identity. They were left to their own thoughts with no outside stimulation. When they leave their isolated prisons, they rediscover their identity by identifying with their outside influences. In conclusion, it is almost imp ossible to justify the mind/body problem.Both Nagel and Chisholms perspectives on identity are fairly vague and both lack a deeper understanding of the mind. I truly believe that it is the mind that holds our identity. However an identity is highly organize by its outside influences. Without a body or without society, one would have no identity. Some can argue that there can be a mind without a body, but it just doesnt make rational sense. If hypothetically, one was to have their mind switched into a different body, he would still identify as himself. For it is our mind that holds our identity, however our mind is within a body.

Alcohol Advertisement in Australia Essay Example for Free

intoxicantic drink Advertisement in Australia Essay inebriant advertisement in Australia ignores the long-term and short-term wellness risks associated with profuse spirituous beverageic drink consumption these atomic number 18 detrimental to the Australian universe of discourse of all ages, therefore they should be banned. inebriant advertize is the promotion of dry beverages by intoxicant companies through a range of different media. alcoholic beverage advertising is one of the most closely regulated forms of advertising, along with tobacco.The self-regulation system in Australia is not telling at protecting children and youth from exposure to alcohol advertising, a great deal of which contains material good-hearted to these groups (Fielder, Donovan Ouschan 2009). The Alcoholic Beverages Advertising Code was introduced to guarantee that alcohol advertising will be conducted in a way that encourages responsibility and moderation in liquor merchandising and cons umption, and does not promote the consumption of alcoholic beverages by underage persons. The Alcoholic Beverages Advertising Code first introduced in 1998 is the regulatory system for alcohol advertisement in Australia.For advertisement to comply with this cypher it is assessed to whom the advertisement is directed, and whom the advertisement may possibly be communicated. Australians consumption of alcohol is large on a global scale, with consumption estimated at 9. 88 litres per capita in 2007 (National Preventative wellness Taskforce 2009). Scientific research has revealed, over decades, that there is a correlation between alcohol advertising and the consumption of alcohol. However, it has not yet been proven that alcohol advertising causes higher consumption (Hanson, 2011).It is the Alcohol Companies aim to demonstrate that the alcohol campaigns effectively increase their potential market shargon and brand loyalty, and not higher alcohol consumption. Adolescences atomic numbe r 18 exposed to alcohol advertisements through many different forms of media, and can moment in the consumption of alcoholic beverages. A study has shown that alcoholic beverages are the most advertised crop inside a 250 metre radius of primary schools and children are exposed up to 25 advertisements for alcohol per square kilometre (Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2008).The alcohol industry lack believability in the argument about banning alcohol advertising, given their dire attempts at enforcing their own self-regulatory code (the Alcohol Beverages Advertising Code). Childrens exposure to alcohol advertisement is on a daily basis. The advertisement of alcohol and alcohol products is not adequately regulated to restrict youths viewing alcohol-related images and messages. Research has shows that underage children are frequently shown alcohol advertising (Fielder, Donovan Ouschan 2009).Mounting evidence has revealed, for youths, the increasing pressure of alco hol marketing creates oppose attitudes towards alcohol consumption, and significantly impacts their decision to drink, as well as how they drink (National Preventative Health Taskforce 2009). minor drinking can cause youths brains to be extremely damaged from alcohol. Large alcohol exposure to the developing youths brain can be very dangerous. Adolescents are shown to be more susceptible to the learning and retrospection difficulties that can arise from alcohol consumption.Sections of the brain that are abnormal by alcohol are directly correlated with memory and emotions, and binge drinking could produce memory problems, problems with verbal skills, incapacity to learn and depression. The existing regulatory system does not effectively regulate these exposures, and does not attempt to decrease or abolish the appeal of the advertising content. The 30 highest viewed alcohol advertisements to the underage population included at least one component identified to appeal to children a nd underage youth, with 23 comprise to contain two or more such material.It was also found that 15 of the 30 advertisements contained an savage (Fielder, Donovan Ouschan 2009). The self-regulation system in Australia fails to safe-guard children and youth from exposure to alcohol advertising, with a good volume containing elements appealing to youths. The advertising companies target audience of their advertising campaigns have changed, with various brands being targeted towards a particular population. Some drinks are typically seen as a masculine drink, predominantly beers and dark spirits, whilst wines and cocktails are seen as feminine.Brands have express to be specifically produced to appeal to a population that would not generally drink that kind of alcoholic beverage. The alcohol industry has come under criticism and restricted legislation in their alleged targeting of younker people, with the creation of alcoholic beverages that are sweet-tasting and bright coloured wh ich appeal to the younger population. However, there is no steady evidence that supports this alleged targeting of youths.There have been wide spread debate on whether alcohol advertisements are targeting the jejune population, although alcohol advertisement makes consumption look extremely exciting and enjoyable with a majority of which involve parties. Exposure to alcohol advertisements is a daily occasion they are on television, radio, billboards, concerts, magazines and unobjectionable events. If alcohol advertising was to be banned there would be a certain objection from alcohol companies, outlets, sporting bodies and association. Alcohol is a major sponsor within Australian sports and is estimated to be worth $1.25 billion a year. Large quantities of alcohol consumption are linked to severe public and social health problems involving violence, crime, road accidents and disease. With the taxing of premixed drinks there is intent to address the problem, however this has not made much of a difference, with adolescence moving onto different forms of alcohol. With the alcohol advertisement nearly everywhere and binge drinking within the teenage population still prevalent, the self-regulatory systems set up at present are not adequate.Heavy alcohol consumption has become a part of Australian culture advertisement is encouraging these trends, and should be banned. citation List * Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, NSW Centre for Overweight and Obesity, 2008 * Fielder, L. , Donovan, R. J. Ouschan, R. (2009) Exposure of children and adolescents to alcohol advertising on Australian metropolitan free-to-air television, Addiction, 104 1157-1165 * Hanson, David, 2011 Alcohol Advertising http//www2. potsdam. edu/hansondj/Advertising. html * National Preventative Health Taskforce (2009) Australia The healthiest country by 2020, Technical Report No 3.

Defining Marketing Essay Example for Free

Defining Marketing EssayTo answer the premise of the paper, Defining Marketing a definition of food marketing is a proper beginning for consideration. My personal definition of marketing is the concept or premise of a function in which yields, goods or function are transferred to a consumer or node by a producer or seller. Other definitions exist to describe marketing aside from the prior(prenominal) definition. Marketing has been described as, A management process identifying, anticipating and supplying client or consumer requirements with efficiency and utilityability. (Tutor2U, 2010) In that same article marketing is described as human activities that are directed at facilitating and consummating exchanges. (Tutor2U, 2010) This destination expression or definition rings true, in that as a consumer I want appeal, product or name recognition, quality, and value for my mvirtuosoy. The sellers or producers are engaged in making a profit and ensuring a positive client ex perience and consumers or clients who want products that are within their budget, durable and meets the expectations of the doing thus a deal flush toilet be made between the two entities.In the execute text, Basic Marketing, by Perrault, Cannon and McCarthy, the term marketing is further defined as performing activities pursuit to accomplish an organizations objectives through the anticipation of customer needs and directing the flow of need satisfying goods and services from producer to client or customer. (Basic Marketing, page 6, 2009) Marketing is important for organizational success along with companies having flexibility, exuding a transparent organizational culture and challenging employees to excel and remaining accountable for their actions.Many companies and organizations struggle to risk the right balance in management to ensure the company growth and achieve profitability. Marketing can figure an important role in companies excelling with their embodie d goals. The use of marketing is how companies conceive and promote corporate brand management and strategical positioning but it also works toward a corporate system and allows for companies to be innovative and thrive in their industries. A company with a marketing business plan considers the key stakeholders, communication channels, the business environment and, core corporate competencies.Using the company brand is a leverage to be used to its full potential. Marketing can assist in developing youthful consumer channels, products or services that can grow the company or organization and make a sustainable difference in fabrication trends. The marketing business strategy should include ideas on obtaining new clients, retaining genuine clients or customers, brand management and tactical to promote sales of the companys products and services. As a business tool or foundation, marketing uses strategic tactics designed to identify the appropriate market and time for implementati on and will impact the organization success of a company.Verizon Communications is a darling in the telecommunication industry and one of the most powerful national companies in the specialty. Verizon uses new engineering science recently developed and follows through by introducing the advances to a competing industry. done research and marketing, Verizon has found what telecommunication applied science works and has become very proud of starting a major transformation in the piano tuner world. As an innovator, Verizon is a industry leader in providing information technology and advanced communications to customers.Through a partnership with major computer companies, Hewlett Packard and Dell Computers, Verizon can produce technological products that are of mettlesome quality. The use of these practices helps the Verizon organizational structure through strategic business goals including employee development, diversity awareness, and recruitment. (Verizon, 2010) Ano ther company that has demo consistently to employees and stakeholders, honest and fair business practices resulting in significant organizational success is dole aliment Company.The Dole name is one often associated with high quality and nutrition for fresh cut flowers, vegetables and, fruit. Dole also markets a line of packaged and frozen foods and serves as a leader in the industry for nutrition education and research. (Murdock, 2008) Dole Foods underwent a two-year research and redevelopment program for the Dole impudently Vegetable product line. (Dole, 2008) Doles willingness to share knowledge publicly, invest in new technology, turn on food born disease, are all public benefits derived from their ethical leadership.Doles financial stewardship and well-disposed responsibility underscores the fact that the company is both ethical and profitable. In business, there is more to being boffo and achieving organizational success than having products or services at re asonable prices. Many companies underuse marketing as one of their business functions. Alternatively there are many companies that have been successful because of the effective use of strategic marketing such as Microsoft, Sony, American Express, Disney and Wal-Mart, just to name a few.

Summary Industrial Organization Essay Example for Free

heavyset Industrial Organization EssayA consummately competitive industry has 6 main characteristics 1) heavy(p) summate of buyers and lead astrayers 2) producers and consumers have thoroughgoing(a) knowledge 3) the products sold by bulletproofs are identical 4) firms act respectively and aim at maximizing goods 5) no entre or exit barriers 6) firms apprize plow as much let output as they want at the authentic mart cherish NEOCALSSICAL possible action Static opinionion, focus on long-run According to Schumpeter and the Austrian School, the fact that a firm earns an brachydactylous boodle (monopoly) profit does not constitute severalise that the firm is guilty of abusing its beatet(monopoly) power at the disbursement of consumer entrepreneur, creative destruction monopoly status is only a temporary phenomenon competition is a dynamic border Disequilibrium reflects imperfect training or ignorance on the part of buyers and vendersStructure-Conduct-Per linea nce (SCP) Paradigm Structure is the central element. It influences conduct which in turn has an effect on the performance STRUCTURE Number and size of firms, entry conditions, product divers(prenominal)iation, erect integration, diversification fixed int he short-run CONDUCT Business objectives, pricing, design and branding, advertising and marketing, RD, collusion, merger refers to the doings of a firm PERFORMANCE Profitability, growth, quality of products and services, technological service, productive and each(prenominal)ocative aptitude Chicago School closely abnormal profit ca physical exercises may be cost pry and superior efficiencySTUDY study EUROPEAN BANKING To prevent from damaging implications for consumer welfare, there bunghole be encumbrances of the g everywherenment. The government policy is regulatory intervention to promote competition and prevent abuses of market power preventing a horizontal merger, break up of a large incumbent producer value co ntrols, punishment of unlawful collusionsThe Chicago School is a crowd of prominent academic lawyers and economists, whose promarket, pro-competition and anti-government views were perhaps of their most influencial during the 1970s and 80s Critics of the SCP Paradigm the theory does not al styluss specify precise relationships between S, C, P variables it is often difficult to decide which variables belong to which kinfolk performance is only some measure of the stratum of success in achieving desired goals the definition of market or industry structure has a number of dimensions danger of overemphasizing the role of concentration little well-rounded information is available on much subtle aspects of market structure and essentially no doctrinal data aside from accounting profit rates is available on conduct and performance relationships are oftein quite weak in terms of statistical significance no explanation is offered as to the organic evolution of the market structure var iables, and the influence of the current conduct and performance on future structure harmonize to the collusion hypothesis, a positive association between concentration and profitability was interpreted as evidence of collusion or other abuses of market power designed to enhance profit according to the efficiency hypothesis (Chicago), a positive relationship between concentration and profitability reflects a natural inclination of an orbit for efficient firms to be successful and to become dominant in their industries Strategic management 5 forces example1) Extent and intensity of competition 2) Threat of entrants 3) Threat of substitute products and services 4) Power of buyers 5) Power of suppliers porters approach static, underemphasises the problem of uncertainty caused by change in the competitive environment, competitive advantage is measured by the value the firm is able to create in excess of its costs, Porter introduces the concept of the value chain, which disaggregates the firm into its strategically relevant activitiesPrimary activities (physical creation of produt/service), Support activities (support primary activities and each(prenominal) other) each activity is linked to another, this approach examines how these links can be improved in order to plus margins on each of the firms products Kay argues that each individual firm is inherently polar, and therefore dismisses the imagination of generic strategies. Instead, firms develop distinctive capabilities in an ettempt to achieve competitive advantage. This shift away from analyzing the characteristics of the environment, and towards examining each firms unique attri simplyes strategies mirrors the shift of emphasis away from structure and towards conduct that is imlicit in much of the NIO literature.Sources of distinctive capabilities Innovation, architecture, reputation determinants of performance Firms can only maintain a competitive advantage if they can treasure their strategies from imitation The strategic management approach has been criticized for placing insufficient emphasis on the interaction between firms at the level of the market or industry. Instead, the focus is mainly on strategic options available to the firm. Chapter 2 microeconomic foundations The short-run relationships between inputs, outputs and production cost is governed by the law of diminishing returns, and the long-run relation is governed by economies or diseconomies of scale The Production Function q=f(L,K) inthe short run dig out is variable simply pileus is fixedLaw of Diminishing Returns As increasing quantities of labor are used in club with a fixed quantity of capital, eventually the supernumerary contribution that each successive building block of labor sack ups to total output starts to decline Marginal Product of Labor (MPL) It is the qunatity of additional output the firm obtains by employing an additional worker. Average Product of Labor (APL) It is the ratio of total output to quantity of labor employed. It is burning(prenominal) to notice that APL is increasing whenever MPLAPL and APL is decreasing when MPL2f(L,K) f(2L,2K)=2f(L,K) f(2L,2K)1 price e deceaseic sensitive quantity PED =1 unit price elasticity PED 0 for substitutes, 2 more weight to larger firms if for above average performers. Business unit effects form low performers o The new empirical industrial organization. The new empirical industrial organization shifts the focus from structures analysis to conduct analysis. It is grounded firmly in microeconomic (oligopoly) theory. NeIO makes direct observations of conduct in specific industries, and draws inferences about what these observed patters of conduct might mean for structure.The Rosse-Panzar revenue test is based on empirical observation of the impact on firm-level revenues of variations in the prices of the factors of production that are used as inputs in the production processes of a group of competing firms. The H-statistic is defined as sum of elastic ties if a firms total revenue w.r.t. each of its factor input prices. It differs under perfectly competitive, imperfectly competitive and monopolistic market conditions. See page 336 for graphs. If H = 1 conduct perfect competition If H O conduct monopoly If 0 H 1 conduct imperfect competition Empirical evidence Commonly, price-setting doings in accordance with intermediate competition models is detected. Limits Offers a determination of only what the market structure of decimal point of monopoly is not, and does not call forth what it is.o The persistence of profitPersistence of profit approach examines the time-series behaviour of firm-level profit dates. It suggest profitability in more juicy industries tends to fall and profitability in little profitable industries tends to rise. object for profit rates to converge. supports the disequilibrium hypothesis. Firm level studies suggest there are significant distinctions between firms in lon g run equilibrium profit rates, and differences in the speed of crossing. Industry level studies If current profitability is broad(prenominal)er than expected, entry should take place causing profitability to fall and v. v. the empirical results suggest the process of adjustment towards l.r. equilibrium takes about four years. Industry level variables such as entry barriers, concentration and growth in demand determine the speed of adjustment.There is evidence of a tendency for profitability to persist, especially in highly concentrated industries. Firm level studies o If competition is anything less then perfect, and there are barriers to entry, it may take some time for any abnormal profit to be eroded. s.r. profit persistence. o L.r. profit persistence where there are barriers to entry, there no convergence of firm level rates towards a common l.r. average value. If some firms posses and are able to check specialized knowledge or other advantage, theses firms may be able to earn profits that continue above the norm persistently, in the long run. o L.r. persistence refers to the power point of variation between firms in the l.r. average profit rates no convergence (empirical result)Part 3 analysis of firm dodging Chapter 10 Pricing o Critic of neoclassical theory do firms have enough information to apply the profit maximization rule MR = MC? o Cost plus pricing at a tear down place cost plus pricing, the firm calculates or simply estimates its AVC and then sets it price by adding on a percentage mark-up that includes a contribution towards the firms fixed costs and a profit margin. P = (1+m)AVC This is simple to understand and can be implemented using less information. AVC is relatively flat over a relevant range of output levels minor variations in the level of demand need not lead to changes in price. So it reduces consumers search costs and also reduces destructive price competition. The mark up determination appeals to a sense of fairness. Oth erwise it is not simply implemented for a multiproduct firm. The wide-spread use of cost plus pricing might suggest it as a convenient rule of riff form firms that are really profit maximizers-cost plus pricing is equivalent to profit maximization pricing if AVC is approximately constant, and the mark up is set to a value of 1/(PED/1). Research showed that firms where more profit oriented where competition was more intense and also large firms turned out to be more probably profit maximizing. o Price discrimination A firm that enjoys some degree of market power might consider adopting a more complex pricing policy, for example to sell at different prices to different consumers. origin degree price discrimination Perfect price discrimination involves making the price per unit of output expect on the identity of the purchaser and on the number of unit purchased. Second degree price discrimination Involves making the price per unit of output cypher on the number of units purcha sed. Third degree price discrimination Involves making the price per unit cipher on the identity of the purchase.The term dumping describes the practice of charging a lower price to consumers in poorer countries than to institutionalize in richer countries. Two conditions Some degree of market power and the market has to be divisible into sub-markets different demand conditions, no trade or resale, significant transport costs can also function to achieve an effective physical separation of sub-markets. First degree Each consumers reservation price is the max. price the consumer is willing to pay. The monopolist can exploit the differences in willingness to pay by charging each consumer high or her own reservation price. It is worthwhile for the monopolist to supply all consumers whose reservation price exceeds the monopolists fringy costs. It is also possible that if reductions in the prices of further units are offered, that the consumer is induced to buy three, four units. Another way to abtain surplus is to charge a two-part tariff homogeneous additional price + fixed fee. In this form of pr. Discr. Producers earn an abnormal profit, there is no CS and there is no DWL. It is known as perfect price discrimination because all the available surplus is extracted by monopolists. Page 360 Second degree In the case where the monopolist cannot distinguish between consumer, the best policy is to offer the same menu of prices and quantities to all and allow the consumers to self select. Page 362 If the monopolist sets a fixed fee slightly lower than PCAF, and charging a uniform price per unit slightly higher than PC, he can gain additional PS With Pc + P the fixed fee is reduced from WXY to W.Here the producer cannot extract all of the surplus. So first base degree price discrimination (perfect information about consumer preferences) is more profitable than second degree (imperfect information) Third degree Here the price per unit that each consumer pa ys is constant, but the monopolist can share the market by offering different prices to different consumers. Partial market segmentation is achieved through age, membership, gender, trading etc. The monopolist should select the price quantity combination for each sub-market at monopolistic output. virtuoso price will always be higher and the other price lower than the uniform monopoly price in the non discriminating case. Consumers in the sub market with the lower price have more CS and are always better off than in the non-discriminating case. Examples o With intertemporal price discrimination, the supplier segments the market by the point in time at which the product is purchased by different groups of consumers. Each consumer is willing to make his purchase in one of the two periods. (page 369). But Coase consumers may learn that prices will be vacillation and wait with purchasing. o Brand labels do not really represent pr. Discr. More products are different because of genui ne product characteristics. o Loyalty discount 2nd degree pr. Disc. o Coupons some from but connected with effort o Stock clearance some form o Free on board pricing same prices neglecting different costs in different areas. o Peak-load pricing more of the theoretical literature on peak load pricing is based on an assumption of accessible welfare maximization.When a peak-load pricing problem exists, often subject matter cannot be adjusted. Page 372 The optimal price for each period is the total marginal cost incurred through the installation of additional capacity and the additional production in both periods minus the price charged in the other period. The peak-period consumers, whose demand or willingness to pay is stronger are charged a higher price than the off-peak consumers. MC of installing additional capacity is lowered to B. Chapter 11 Auctions o Auction formats, and models of phoneder valuation An auction is a market chemical mechanism for converting bids from market participants into decisions concerning the allocation of resources and prices, though a specific set of rules. price formation under conditions of uncertainty, asymmetric information and interdependence. There are four basic auction formats providing the cornerstone for the economic theory of auctions.The side of meat auction (ascending bid auction) involves the price being set initially low and then raised in turn until a level is reached which only one bidder is willing to pay. The Dutch auction (descending bid auction) works in the opposite way. In the first price sealed bid auction, each bidder independently submits a one bid, without seeing the bids submitted by other bidders. The highest wins and pays. The second price sealed bid auction (vickrey auction) works interchangeable as the first prices sealed bid auction, but here the highest bidder gets the distributor point and pays a price fitting to the second highest bid. Asymmetric information means that seller and buye rs typically do not have perfect information concerning the distribution of bidders valuations of the item being auctioned.There are also two alternative assumptions In the pure common value model, the item is a single, intrinsic value that is the same for all bidders, but nobody knows the true value. In the independent mysterious set model, each bidder knows the true value of the item to himself personally. no single value The affiliated valuation model includes elements of both. o The pure common value model and the winners curse The winners curse appears to be a sooner common feature of many auctions in which bidders valuations conform to the pure common value model. It is very likely that the engaging bidder, with the highest private estimate has overvalued the item. The gentle bidder is very likely to turn out to be a loser, in the sense of having overpaid the item.Two possible estimates of the true value a) original private estimate unconditional. b) revise estimate (kn owing other valuations) conditional. In order to avoid the winners curse, the sealed bid should be based on a revised estimate, conditional on the bidders original estimate being the highest estimate. In fact, in a first price sealed bid auction, it pays to submit a bid some hold below the bidders opinion as to the true value. o Optimal dictation strategies and revenue equivalence in the independent private values model. Assumptions private values are randomly drawn from a uniform distribution. Risk neutrality of the bidders.The English auction Withdraw as soon as the price equals or exceeds the private value. You gain a rent equal to the difference between private value and winning bid, or nothing. Second price sealed bid auction A bidders optimal bidding strategy is to enter a bid equivalent to his or her own private value. By top your bid, you can only lose, you cannot possibly gain. The rivals bid determines the price you would have paid if you had bid your private value. T herefore by lowering your bid you have forfeited an opportunity to buy the item for less than your private value. English and second price auctions can be described as strategically equivalent when everybody behaves rationally. In the terminology of game theory it is in both cases a dominant strategy.First price sealed bid auction It pays to submit a bid that is below your own private value. Page 396 o P(0) = 0 o P(B) is and increasing function of B. The higher the bid, the higher P(B) to win. o P(B) is a decreasing function of l. The higher the number of bidders, the lower P(B) to win. By reducing the submitted bid below BH =Vi, bidder i gains by committing to pay a lower price, but also loses by accepting a lower P(B) of winning. The position of the P(B) curve depends on the bidding strategies of the bidders. Nash equilibriums optimal bid ((N-1)/N) * Vi As the number of N increases, the optimal bid approached the bidders private value. Dutch auction Wait until the price has fallen a certain amount below the private value. gain a positive rent. By allowing the price to drop, you can only gain and you cannot lose. Bidder I should bid when the price reaches ((N-1)/N) * Vi. So, also the two last auctions types are strategically equivalent.The revenue equivalence theorem All four auctions formats are expected to yield on the dot the same price to seller on average. The seller is expected price is always the expected value or expectation of the second highest private value (page 399). Sellers expected proceeds o E(V2) = (N-1)/(N+1) It is important to look on that the revenue equivalence theorem relies heavily on the independent private values assumption. Evidence is rather contain o Extensions and additional topics in auction theory. To ensure a certain price for the seller, he can introduce a rule that the item is not sold if the price payable by the winning bidder does not at least match (or exceed) a reserve price. It can be shown that it is optimal for the seller to set a reserve price that is higher than his own private value.Inefficient allocation of resources can be consistent with the maximization of the seller private proceeds. The optimal reserve price does not depend on the number of bidders. The price should not be too high, because then the item wont be sold anymore. Risk averse bidders In an English auction, risk aversion makes no difference to the optimal bidding strategy. In a Dutch auction, in contrast, risk aversion causes the bidder to call out earlier. Therefore the revenue equivalence theorem breaks down if bidders are risk averse (Dutch auction yields higher profit for the seller). In a second price auction, risk aversion causes nothing to change. In a first price sealed bid auction, risk averse bidders tend to bid closer to their private values than risk neutral bidders theorem brakes down again.